{"id":4658,"date":"2020-05-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-05-18T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-05-18T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2020-05-18T00:00:00","slug":"influence-of-trade-power-and-religion-on-architecture-around-the-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/architecture\/influence-of-trade-power-and-religion-on-architecture-around-the-world.php","title":{"rendered":"Influence of Trade, Power and Religion on Architecture Around the World"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\t\t\t1. Introduction<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t1.1. Aims of Study<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe following essay aims to explore and investigate the main influences of architecture across Africa, Europe, Asia and the Americas during the time period 600 AD. It will highlight significant events, analyse the relationship between these spaces with reference to mainly religion<\/strong>, power<\/strong> and trade, <\/strong>as well as climate and human activity while also making reference to one public and one private building in each continent comparing similarities and differences. This is done to see whether the spread of architecture in different parts of the world can be linked\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"2. Africa<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tIn the early 600’s, large parts of Northern Africa\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\twere conquered from the Byzantine by Muslim\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tArabs and thus began the Rise of the Islamic\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tEmpire in Africa bringing with it religion and law.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Islamic Empire spread throughout Africa by\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tmeans of trade. Swahili emerged as an\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tArab\/Bantu-African hybrid language.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tNorth Africa was fundamentally shaped by the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tcoming of Islam and the migration of large\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tnumbers of Arab people, therefore the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tarchitecture was significantly influenced by Islam.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tIslamic architecture comprises of a wide range of\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\treligious and secular styles from the foundation of\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tIslam to the present day. These styles influence\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthe design and construction of buildings and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tstructures in Islamic culture. Recognizable Islamic\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tarchitectural styles emerged soon after Prophet\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tMuhammad’s time. These buildings were inspired\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tby Islam with the addition of localized adaptations\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tand inspiration of the former Sassanid and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tByzantine models, the Germanic Visigoths in\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tSpain also made a big contribution to Islamic\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tArchitecture. Often in English, the vocabulary used to describe public baths, fountains and domestic architecture are derived from Arabic phrases.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t2.1. Public Building<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tGreat Mosque of Kairouan\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"The Great Mosque of Kairouan also known as the<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tFigure 1 Cross Section of the Great Mosque of Khairouan\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tMasjid (Mosque) of Uqba was built in the year 670\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tby the Sahabi (friend of the Prophet Muhammad)\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tUqba-bin-Nafe who was a military general. He\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tbegan the Islamic conquest of present-day Algeria\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tand Morocco. Kairouan was used as his base to\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tmount operations. The Masjid became a\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tMadressah (centre of learning) for Islamic and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tQuranic learning. It attracted Muslims from all\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\taround the world. The Masjid has a surface area\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tof 9000 square meters and is considered as a\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tmodel for Masjids in the western Islamic World.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"2.2. Private Building<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tFigure 2 Adobe Multi-storey townhouse\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tAdobe Brick Compounds\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe compounds were a mix of Sudano-Sahelian\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tarchitecture. They were built using mudbricks and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tadobe plaster, thus the name Adobe Brick.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tWooden-log beams that jut out the face of the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tbuildings were used as supports for larger\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tbuildings such as Mosques and Palaces. These\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tbeams also acted as scaffolding for reworking\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\twhich was done regularly and involved the entire\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tcommunity.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tSudanese compounds were characterised by the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tseveral cone roofs. This was a primarily urban\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tbuilding style.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t3. Europe<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"The time period 600AD is also knows as the Dark\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tAges or the Middle Ages. It refers to the time\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tperiod between the Fall of the Roman Empire, the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tItalian Renaissance and the Age of Discovery.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Byzantine Empire was the continuation of the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tRoman Empire in the eastern parts of the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tMediterranean where Greek was the vernacular.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tDuring the Dark Ages, the Ancient Greek and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tRoman civilizations (Byzantium) were remarkably\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tadvanced and contributed immensely to human\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tprogress, notably in the areas of science,\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tgovernment, philosophy and Architecture.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe emperor Constantine who was the ruler of the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tByzantine Empire declared Constantinople\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t(modern day Istanbul) the new Rome and placed\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tin the major trade routes for Europe and Asia.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tChristianity as a religion was the dominant influence of architectural style and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tByzantine architects constructed numerous\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\treligious buildings. (Visual-arts-cork.com, 2019)\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"3.1.Public Building <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tFigure 3 Hagia Sophia before Islamic Conquer\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tHagia Sophia\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Hagia Sophia is a former Greek orthodox\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tchurch (Construction of the 3rd church began in\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t537). It served as a cathedral and seat of the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tPatriarchate of Constantinople. It was later\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tconverted to a Roman Catholic cathedral under\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthe Latin Empire.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tWith the Rise of the Islamic Empire, Byzantine\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\twas eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turks\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"and the Church was converted to a Masjid. With<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tSketch of a Minaret, Auhors own work\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthe conversion of the church into a Masjid,\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tMinarets (turret from which people are called to\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tprayer) were added to the original building,\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tChristian relics were removed and a minbar\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t(pulpit from which a sermon is delivered) and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tmihrab (niche in a wall to indicate the direction in\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\twhich prayers should be performed) were\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tconstructed. These additions significantly changed\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthe use of the building and its identity.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t3.2. Private Building<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Great Palace of Constantinople\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Palace is also known as The Sacred Palace\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tand is the Byzantium equivalent to the Palatine in\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tRome. The Great Palace of Constantinople was the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tprimary residence for Emperors and the centre of\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\timperial administration for over 800 years.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Palace is located in Constantine (Old\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tIstanbul\/Modern Turkey). It overlooks the Sea of\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tMarmara to the south-east. It is a complex of\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tbuildings and gardens situated on a 600x500m\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tterraced site.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tLater on in History, specifically the year 1453\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\twhen Mehmed II entered Constantine, he found\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthe palace abandoned and in ruins. Mehmed\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"allegedly whispered, \u201cThe spider spins his web in<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tFigure 4 Arial View of The Great Palace\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthe Palace of the Caesars, An owl hoots in the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\ttowers of Afrasiyab.\u201d (Ferdowsi)\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tDuring the Ottoman era, much of the palace was\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tdemolished and was initially turned into housing\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tand a number of small Masjids.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t4. Asia<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\u201cBetween the fall of the Han dynasty in 220 CE and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthe year 600, more than thirty dynasties,\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tkingdoms, and states rose and fell on the eastern\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tside of the Asian continent. The founders and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\trulers of those dynasties represented the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tspectrum of people in North, East, and Central\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tAsia. Nearly all of them built palaces, altars,\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\ttemples, tombs, and cities, and almost without\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\texception, the architecture was grounded in the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tbuilding tradition of China.\u201d (Steinhardt, 2014)\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tChina used the silk road as the inventors of silk in\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthe early ages, they became extremely wealthy\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\ttransporting luxury goods along the silk road.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t4.1. Public Building<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Great Wall of China\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Great wall of China was rebuilt in the early\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t600\u2019s which was funded through the trade of silk\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tvia the silk route. The Great Wall of China was\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tconstructed along an east to west line. The\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"structure is a series of fortifications built using<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tFigure 5 The great Wall of China\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tstone, brick, tamped earth, and wood.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe main purpose behind the Great Wall was to\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tprotect Chinese states and empires against raids\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tand invasions. Other purposes of the Great Wall\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tincluded border control, encouraging trade and the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tcontrol of immigration\/emigration.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t4.2. Private Building<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"Domestic Houses<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tSketch of a Pergoda, authors own work\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tIn early China, most of the people who could not afford to live in fancy houses lived in small houses made out of mudbrick, with only a room and a dirt floor (the the way most people in the Roman Empire, West\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tAsia and Africa lived). Wealthier people could\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tafford fancier homes and built temples and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tpalaces.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tAncient Chinese architecture was built according to\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tstrict rules of design that made Chinese buildings\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tfollow the ideas of Taoism (philosophy and belief\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthat is deeply rooted in Chinese customs and world\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tview) and other Chinese philosophies. The first\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tdesign idea was that buildings should be long and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tlow. The roof would be held up by columns and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tshould seem to be floating. The second design idea\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\twas influenced by symmetry and balance just as\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthe fundamentals of Taoism.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tA drastic change in Chinese architecture was\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tinfluenced by religion when Buddhism first came to\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tChina from India. Buddhists began building\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tpagodas (tiered tower with multiple eaves) to keep\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tsacred things. These pagodas were inspired by\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tIndian buildings called stupas (hemispherical\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tstructure containing religious relics).\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tIn the early 600’s, under the Sui Dynasty, the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tideas of symmetry and balance once again became\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\timportant in Architecture and the principle of\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tTaoism was brought back. (Ruiz, 2013)\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"5. North America <\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe time period 600AD falls under the Pre-\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tColumbian Era in North American history. The Pre-\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tColumbian era is classified under five stages;\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tnamely, Archaic period, Climate Stabilized,\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tWoodland period, Formative period and the Classic\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tperiod.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Woodland period (1000BC – 800AD) refers to\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthe large sites between the Archaic period and the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tMississippian cultures, this periods involved\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tdevelopment such as tools made of bone and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tstone, making of textiles and shelters.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe specialization of crafts and metallurgy also\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\ttook place around 600AD and is known as the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tClassic period.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"5.1. Cahokia<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tFigure 6 Cahokia\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tCahokia was the most important centre for the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tpeople known today as Mississippians. Their\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tsettlements ranged across the Midwest, Eastern\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tand Southern United States. In its peak, Cahokia\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\twas the largest urban centre and was\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tsubsequently larger than any American city until\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthe 1780’s.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tCahokia was situated in a strategic trade position\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tnear the confluence of the Mississippi, Missouri\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tand Illinois river. It maintained trade links with\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tcommunities near the Great Lakes to the North\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tand the Gulf Coast to the South. They traded in\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\texotic items such as copper, Mill Creek chert and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\twhelk shells. (Crystalinks.com, n.d.)\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t5.2. Public Building<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tMonks Mound at Cahokia\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tMonks mound is the largest pre-Columbian\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tearthwork in America. (Crystalinks.com, n.d.) Its size averages 30m high,\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t291m long and 236m wide. The base of Monks\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tmound is roughly the same size as the Great\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tPyramid at Giza.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe platform mound was constructed almost\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tentirely of basket transported soil and clay. The\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tflattened top and construction method caused it to\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tretain rainwater within the structure and over the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tyears, this has caused slumping.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Grand Plaza is a large open area that spreads\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tout beyond Monks mound, this was a public area\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tused by residences of Cahokia. Beyond Monks\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tmound as many as 120 private mounds stood at\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tvarying distances from the city centre.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"5.3. Private Building<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tSketch of Mound Structures, authors own work\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tCahokia Mounds\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tCahokia consisted of approximately 120 private\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tmounds. Private mounds were constructed in the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tsame way as Monks mound but at a much smaller\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tscale.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tEarthen mounds were constructed for residential,\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tceremonial and burial purposes.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe basic structure of a mound was that it was either flat-topped\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tpyramids, cones with flat or rounded tops or\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\telongated ridges but in some cases, mounds took\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\ton unusual shapes, such as the outline of\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tsignificant animals. (Crystalinks.com, n.d.)\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"6. South America<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tSouth America has been inhabited for\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tapproximately 20 000 years by hunters and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tgatherers who began developing agriculture\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\taround 4000BC. The first permanent agricultural\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tsettlements appeared about 3500BC in coastal\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\triver valleys.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tInhabitants of South America during 600AD\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tincluded the Moche, Nazca, Tiahuanaco, Huari and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tPachacmac tribes.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Huari people excelled both agriculturally and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\twith trade between the other small villages in Peru\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tat the time. On the coast of South America, the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tTiahuanaco people started to rise with its war\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tparties and tactics. Nazca and Moche were\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tcoexisting civilizations in the Andes Mountain area\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tof the Americas. The civilization of Moche was\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tlimited in communicating with the Ica-Nazca\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tareas. Both of these civilizations collapsed in the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tyear of 700.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t6.1. Moche<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Peru state became known as \u2018Moche\u2019 due to\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthe civilization which founded it. It lies\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tat the foot of the Cerro Blanco mountain and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tonce covered an area of 300 hectares. It has\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\turban housing, plazas, storehouses, and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tworkshop buildings, as well as an impressive\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tmonuments which include two massive adobe\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tbrick pyramid-like mounds. The multiple levels,\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\taccess ramps, and slanted roofing are typical\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\ttraits featured in Moche architecture and this monument\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tis impressive as it is in its original state. (Cartwright, 2014)\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t6.2. Public Building<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tHuaca del Sol\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Huaca del Sol temple is an adobe brick temple\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tbuilt by the Moche civilization on the North Coast\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tof Peru.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Huaca del Sol was built using approximately\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t130 million adobe bricks and was the largest pre-\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tColumbian structures built in the Americas. It was\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tcomposed of four main levels and was expanded\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tand rebuilt by different rulers over time. Markings\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\ton the brickwork suggest that over 100 different\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tcommunities contributed to the building of the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tHuacas.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"6.3. Private Building<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tFigure 7 Huaca del Sol\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tMoche Adobe Brick Compounds\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\u201cMonumental Moche architecture is characterized\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tby large adobe (mud brick) pyramids with\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tplatforms. They often decorated the pyramids and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\ttemples with friezes depicting Moche deities.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tTombs of the rulers were placed inside the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tpyramids with elaborate ceremonies which are\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tdepicted on the Moche pottery.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tResidential areas were located adjacent to the major\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tpyramids and in the smaller towns up and down\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthe river valleys.\u201d (Ojibwa, 2011)\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t7. Cross Analysis and Conclusion<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe history of architecture traces the changes and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tinfluences through various religions, traditions,\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tregions and styles.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tFrom the above research, one can say that the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tinfluence of architecture was spread mainly\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthrough trade and power.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe Silk Road is a network of trade and cultural\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\ttransmission routes connecting Asia, Europe and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tAfrica. It linked traders, merchants, pilgrims,\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tmonks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tChina and India to the Mediterranean Sea during\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tvarious periods of time.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tTrade was a significant factor in the developing of\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tcivilizations along the silk route. Through this,\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tarchitecture developed and adapted.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tArchitecture was largely influenced by the spread\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tof religion which was spread through trade. With\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"the exchange along the silk route, religions were<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tFigure 8 Map of the Silk Route\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tintroduced into different parts of the world where\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthey once did not exist. Islam, Christianity and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tBuddhism were among the religions which were\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tspread vastly and made significant impacts on the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tarchitectural styles in each region.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tOne can see the Islamic influence of Architecture\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tfrom the Middle East adapted in the Adobe Brick\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tMasjids as well as in the Hagia Sophia in Turkey.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tFurther along in history, the Taj Mahal in India was\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tbuilt and once again, one can see the adaptation\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tof Islamic architecture in India. Moving from India\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tinto China, with the spread of Buddhism, one can\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tsee the influence of Indian architecture in the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tpagodas that were built as Buddhist shrines.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tPower also played a huge role in adaptations and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tstyles of architecture. The Hagia Sophia is an\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\texcellent example of a building that was adapted\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthrough power.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tMuch like the inhabitants of Africa, we see that\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\ttribes in South America also used the adobe brick\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tmethod of construction. Adobe is the world\u2019s oldest\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tmanufactured building materials. Its use spans all\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tparts of the globe and crosses many cultures. In\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tan architectural context, the word adobe means,\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tsun-dried mud brick or a structure built from such\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tbricks. More generally, \u201cadobe\u201d is used as a term\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tfor the mud used to make these bricks. The word\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tderives through the Spanish language from several\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tArabic terms meaning \u201cmix\u201d or \u201csmooth.\u201d\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThe derivation of the word adobe hints at the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tinfluence of Arab\/Islamic architecture in the Middle\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tEast and its spread to Africa.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tDuring the period 600AD, contact between Africa\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tand the Americas had not yet been made, yet we\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tsee similar construction methods developed in\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthese different parts of the world. This can suggest\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tthat development of Architecture is universally\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tknown guideline and civilizations made use of what\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\"they had to construct their buildings.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tIn conclusion, religion, power and trade played\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\timportant roles in the development, adaptation\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tand spread of architecture. The Islamic empire\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\twas a dominating force within this time and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tbrought forward law, philosophy, theology and\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tarchitecture. Although, the Byzantine empire was\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tconquered, they also played a large part in the\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tdevelopment of early architecture.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tArchitecture in the Americas was fairly similar. The\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tcommunities were large and thrived.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tReferences
\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • \n\t\t\t\t\tAnon. (n.d.) Sacred Destinations<\/em>. [O] Available at:\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/www.sacred-destinations.com\/tunisia\/kairouan-great-mosque\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\t\t\t\t[Accessed 13 Sep. 2019].\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      \n
    • \n\t\t\t\t\tBardill, J. (1999). The Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors and the the Walker trust<\/em>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\t\t\t\tExcavations. Roman Archaeology<\/em>, pp. 216-230.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        \n
      • \n\t\t\t\t\tBergdoll B. (2000). European Architecture 1750-1890<\/em>. Oxford: Oxford Univeristy press\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\t\t\tCartwright, M. (2014). Moche Civilization<\/em>. [online] Ancient History Encyclopedia. Available at: https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Moche_Civilization\/ [Accessed 15 Sep. 2019].\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\t\t\tCooke, J. e. a., (1981). History Timeline. In: F. Franklin, ed. A 40000 year Chronology of\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
      • \n\t\t\t\t\tCivilisation. New York: Barnes and Noble.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          \n
        • \n\t\t\t\t\tCrystalinks.com. (n.d.). Cahokia: North American Mounds – Crystalinks<\/em>. [online] Available at: https:\/\/www.crystalinks.com\/NorthAmericanMounds.html [Accessed 1 Oct. 2019].\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
        • \n\t\t\t\t\tFinlay, G. (2014). History of Byzantine and Greek<\/em>. Oxford:Oxford University press\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            \n
          • \n\t\t\t\t\tFletcher, B. (2014). The Victorian Web<\/em>. [O] Available:\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/www.victorianweb.org\/art\/architecture\/byzantine\/bf1.html\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
          • \n\t\t\t\t\t[Accessed 14 Sep. 2019].\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              \n
            • \n\t\t\t\t\tGraves, D. (2007). Consecration of Hagia Sophia<\/em>. [O] Available:\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/www.christianity.com\/church\/church-history\/timeline\/301-600\/consecrationf-\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\t\t\thagia-sophia-11629710.html\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\t\t\t\t[Accessed 13 Sep. 2019].\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                \n
              • \n\t\t\t\t\tJames, E. (2009). Europes Barbarians AD 200-600<\/em>. United Kingdom: Taylor Francis ltd\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                  \n
                • \n\t\t\t\t\tMcKenzie, J. (2007). The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt 300 BC – AD700<\/em>. Hong Kong:\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
                • \n\t\t\t\t\tWorld Print.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                    \n
                  • \n\t\t\t\t\tOjibwa (2011). Ancient America: The Moche<\/em>. [online] Daily Kos. Available at: https:\/\/www.dailykos.com\/stories\/2011\/05\/05\/973301\/-Ancient-America-The-Moche [Accessed 13 Sep. 2019].\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
                  • \n\t\t\t\t\tPrakash, M. J. a. V. (2010). A Global History of Architecture<\/em>. 2nd ed. s.l.:John Wiley & Sons.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                      \n
                    • \n\t\t\t\t\tSigfred, G. (1991). Space, Time and Architecture.<\/em> Harvard: Harvard University press.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                        \n
                      • \n\t\t\t\t\tSouth America<\/em>. [online] Available at: http:\/\/latinamericaguide.weebly.com\/south-america.html [Accessed 14 Sep. 2019].\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\t\t\tRuiz, S. (2013). UAN FOREIGN LANGUAGE: ENGLISH<\/em>. [online] Uanbucaramanga.blogspot.com. Available at: https:\/\/uanbucaramanga.blogspot.com\/2013\/ [Accessed 11 Sep. 2019].\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\t\t\tSteinhardt, N. (2014). Chinese architecture in an age of turmoil, 200-600<\/em>. University of Hawai’i Press.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
                      • \n\t\t\t\t\tVisual-arts-cork.com. (2019). Architecture, History: Evolution of Building Design<\/em>. [online] Available at: http:\/\/www.visual-arts-cork.com\/architecture-history.htm [Accessed 13 Sep. 2019].\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                        \t\t\t\t1. Introduction<\/p>\n

                        \t\t\t\t <\/p>\n

                        \t\t\t\t1.1. Aims of Study<\/p>\n

                        \t\t\t\tThe following essay aims to explore and investigate the main influences of architecture across Africa, Europe, Asia and the Am<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4658","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-essaysarchitecture"],"yoast_head":"\nInfluence of Trade, Power and Religion on Architecture Around the World | UKEssays.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"1. Introduction   1.1. 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