{"id":4700,"date":"2020-05-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-05-18T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2026-01-02T13:34:32","modified_gmt":"2026-01-02T13:34:32","slug":"diffusion-through-living-membranes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/biology\/diffusion-through-living-membranes.php","title":{"rendered":"Diffusion Through Living Membranes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>\u201cDiffusion Through Living Membranes\u201d<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<u>Introduction <\/u>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>a.)<\/strong> <strong><u>Background Information<\/u><\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tA membrane is a thin layer of cells that act as a boundary. It separates the interior of ALL cells from the outside environment. The plasma membrane allows nutrients to enter the cell and keeps out unwanted substances. This process is known as selective permeability. There are two types of transport of molecules in and out of cells: passive and active processes. Passive processes transport is a basic way that transport through the plasma membrane can occur. In passive processes, pressure differences drive the movement. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Molecules generally diffuse passively though the plasma membrane. Simple diffusion is the unassisted transport across a plasma membrane of a very small particle. Just as in simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion moves down a concentrated gradient. However, it is used by large molecules that can pass through the plasma membrane independently. Diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated one is called osmosis. Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are the three types of passive transport across the plasma membrane. Molecules have kinetic energy and are in constant motion. Because of this they move around randomly at high speeds, causing them to be unevenly distributed. When this happens a concentration gradient is present, resulting in areas of high and low concentration. During osmosis, water moves along a concentration gradient. Because the concentration of water is related to that of solutes, if the solutes are able to diffuse across the membrane so can the water. If there are particles present in a solution that prevent the solutes from crossing the membrane, then only the water can move by osmosis. When this happens, changes in the volume occur on either side of the membrane, which is why there is tonicity. Tonicity is a measure of the ability of a solution to cause a change in a cell\u2019s shape by promoting osmotic flows of water. There are three types of tonicity: hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. A hypertonic solution is a solution that has a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than the reference cell. The concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside it, causing it to shrink. Crenation usually results from a hypertonic solution. Crenation happens when red blood cells undergo shrinkage and take on a scalloped surface. Hypotonic solutions have less nonpenetrating solutes than the reference cell. These solutions have greater concentration inside of the cell than outside, causing them to swell and burst. Hemolysis occurs in hypotonic solutions. Hemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells. An isotonic solution has a concentration of nonpenetrating solutes equal to that found in the reference cell. In active processes a cell uses the bond energy of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane. ATP is required because the molecule has to go against the concentration gradient.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tIn this experiment, the tonicity of varying solutions, all of which containing red blood cells was determined. The independent variables are the two NaCl solutions and the distilled water. The responding are the red blood cells in slides 2-4. The controlled variable are the red blood cells in slide 1.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>b.)<\/strong>&#xa0; <strong><u> Purpose<\/u><\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\tThe purpose of the experiment is to determine tonicity. The lab report is to record the data and results of the experiment.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>c.)<\/strong>&#xa0;&#xa0; <strong><u>Hypothesis<\/u><\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\tSlide #1 will be isotonic.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\tSlide #2 will be hypertonic.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\tSlide #3 will be hypertonic.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\tSlide #4 will be hypotonic.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<u>Procedure<\/u>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>a.)<\/strong>&#xa0;&#xa0; <strong><u>Equipment Used<\/u><\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t0.9% NaCl&#xa0;&#xa0;Filter paper-if needed&#xa0;&#xa0;4 clean slides\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t10% NaCl&#xa0;&#xa0;Wooden applicator stick&#xa0;&#xa0;Cover-slips\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t&#xa0;dH2O&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;1 disposable mat &#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;Microscope\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\tSheep\u2019s blood&#xa0;Disposable gloves&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;Goggles&#xa0;\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\tWax pencil\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>b.)<\/strong>&#xa0; <strong><u>Collection of Data<\/u><\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tUsing the disposable mat, place the four slides, cover-slips and sheep\u2019s blood on top. Then, number the slides 1-4. Place one drop of blood on slide 1.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tWith the wooden applicator stick, dip one end into the blood and place a single drop on the next 3 slides.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tDispose of the wooden applicator stick in the biohazard waste container.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tOn slide 2, add 1 drop of .9% NaCl with the drop of blood. Add a cover-slip on top and use filter paper to absorb excess liquid.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tObserve the cells under scan, low power, then high power. Draw observations.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tRepeat steps, adding 10% Nacl to slide 3 and dH2O to slide 4, in replace of .9% NaCl.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tPlace ALL biohazard waste in the appropriately marked bins and dispose of gloves. The slides with the solution should be placed in the appropriate container.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<u>Results<\/u>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>a.)<\/strong>&#xa0;&#xa0; <strong><u>Table<\/u><\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSlide #\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tContents\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTonicity\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tResults\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAppearance\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSheep\u2019s Blood\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIsotonic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNormal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCircle shaped\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlood &amp;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.9% NaCl\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIsotonic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNormal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCell\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCircle shaped\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlood &amp;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t10% NaCl\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHypertonic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrenation\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShriveled Circle\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlood &amp;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdH2O\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHypotonic\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHemolysis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBurst\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>b.)<\/strong>&#xa0; <strong><u>Description of Data<\/u><\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tThe sheep\u2019s blood under a microscope was light red in color with smaller red dots. When set at a higher power the cells looked like small clear dots. On both setting the cells were almost perfect circular shapes. The solution was isotonic because it was a normal cell.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tAdding the .9% NaCl caused the overall color to change from red to white on low power. At a closer look the cells appeared to be gray and farther spaced apart than in slide #1. The shape remained the same. The solution was isotonic because it was a normal cell.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tAdding 10% NaCl to the sheep\u2019s blood made the color look brown. The shape of the cells were shriveled looking circles. The solution was hypertonic because crenation occurred.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tSheep\u2019s blood and dH2O together did not show any cell, because it blew up. The solution was hypotonic because hemolysis occurred.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<u>Discussion<\/u>&#8211;\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>a.)<\/strong>&#xa0;&#xa0; <strong><u>Support of Hypothesis<\/u><\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\tSlide #1 will be isotonic: supported\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\tSlide #2 will be hypertonic: not supported Slide #2: isotonic\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\tSlide #3 will be hypertonic: supported\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\tSlide #4 will be hypotonic: supported\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>&#xa0;<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>b.)<\/strong>&#xa0; <strong><u>Explanation<\/u><\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\tSlide one contained the controlled variable; the red blood cells. This was the control because it remained unchanged throughout the experiment. The purpose of the control variable is to have an example of what the red blood cell looks like by itself. The NaCl and dH2O were the independent variables because they were changed throughout the experiment. The independent variable represents the reason for the outcome of the experiment. The dependent (responding) variable in this experiment were the red blood cells in slides 2-4. These were the ones being tested and measured, therefore they were dependent on the independent variables to yield an outcome. Slide one was isotonic because it was a \u201cnormal cell\u201d. It had the same osmotic pressure across a selectively permeable membrane. Osmosis did not occur in this solution because it had an equal solute\/water concentration. Slide two was isotonic as well, because even after adding the .9% NaCl the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes was still equal to that of the reference cell (slide 1). Osmosis occurred, however the cells neither gained or lost any water. Slide three was hypertonic because it underwent crenation causing the shape of the cell to become shriveled. Osmosis occurred because there were more nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell. Slide four was hypotonic because hemolysis occurred and resulted in the cell bursting or blowing up. Osmosis occurred because there were fewer nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>c.)<\/strong>&#xa0;&#xa0; <strong><u>Clinical Application-<\/u><\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\tDiffusion is used in the radiology field in diffusion-weighted imaging (DW-MRI). DWI-MRI is a form of MRI based on measuring the motion of water molecules within a voxel of tissue. DW-MRI is useful in differentiating epidermoid carcinoma and malignant lymphoma and distinguishing radiotherapy-induced tissue changes from persistent and recurrent cancer.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>&#xa0;<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<u>References<\/u>&#8211;\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tHuman Anatomy &amp; Physiology Laboratory Manual: 13<sup>th<\/sup> Edition; Exercise 5: The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability pages 51-58.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\tHuman Anatomy &amp; Physiology, 11 Edition\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\t\t\t\t\u201cDiffusion Through Living Membranes\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\tIntroduction <\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\ta.) Background Information&#8211;<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\tA membrane is a thin layer of cells that act as a boundary. It separates <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4700","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-essaysbiology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Diffusion Through Living Membranes | UKEssays.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u201cDiffusion Through Living Membranes\u201d      Introduction       a.) Background Information&#8211;      A membrane is a thin layer of cells that act as a boundary. 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