{"id":5440,"date":"2020-05-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-05-18T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-05-18T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2020-05-18T00:00:00","slug":"study-of-gamma-spectrum-of-cesium-isotope-at-662kev","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/sciences\/study-of-gamma-spectrum-of-cesium-isotope-at-662kev.php","title":{"rendered":"Study of Gamma Spectrum of Cesium Isotope at 662Kev"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tDetector Resolution<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tAbstract<\/strong>: <\/strong>As Gamma rays are the highest-energy form of electromagnetic radiation, the study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, is of high importance in the fields of nuclear medicine, the nuclear industry and astrophysics. Radioactive sources produce gamma-ray in various energies and intensities. Gamma-ray energy spectrum is produced when these emissions are detected and analysed with a spectroscopy system. In this experiment, the gamma spectrum of the cesium <\/p>\n

Cs<\/mi><\/mrow>137<\/mn><\/mrow><\/mmultiscripts><\/math><\/p>\n

isotope at 662Kev was studied.  Operating in a pulse mode, the characteristics and performances of a scintillation detector, Sodium Iodide (NaI(Tl)) using both Single Channel Analyzer and Multichannel Analyzer and semiconductor  detector, Germanium (Ge), were detected and analyzed. Using the slope method, the energy resolution of each were measured and compared. With .68%, Germanium detector showed a higher energy resolution than NaI(Tl) detector using (MCA) and (MCA) configurations.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\t\"\" \n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tIntroduction<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\t\tThere are many types of radiation detectors applied to radiation spectroscopy; however, not all of them are suitable to detect gamma-rays. For example, the efficiencies for gamma radiation using gas-filled ionisation detectors are very poor because the chances of gamma-ray photons interacting with the gas are quite small. Therefore, scientists are using solid detectors to study gamma-ray radiation. The most commonly used detector types are scintillation and semiconductor.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n\t\t\t\t\tScintillation detectors: Different types of detectors use different methods of recording the response of gamma-ray radiation. One standard method of converting the energy of the gamma-ray\u2019s photons is called scintillation, which involves turning the energy into visible light. Scintillation detectors use either organic materials such as plastic or some inorganic crystals such as Alkali Halide Scintillators. One of the most commonly used Alkali Halide scintillators is crystalline sodium iodide, known as NaI(Tl), in which a trace of thallium iodide had been added in the melt.\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n
  2. \n\t\t\t\t\tSemiconductor Diode Detectors: The other standard method, used by solid-state semiconductors, creates electron-hole pairs that convert the energy of gamma rays into electricity. These detectors use significantly different materials and hardware compared to scintillation detectors. The most commonly used material is Germanium (Ge). \n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\tGermanium Detector Configuring\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\tThere are many general properties of detectors when applied to study gamma-ray spectroscopy. However, the most important two are energy resolution and efficiency. The focus of this study was on the energy resolution.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\tEnergy Resolution:<\/strong>  is an essential parameter in determining the overall performance of a detector.There is no system capable of detecting the exact energy of gamma photons. Instead, the detectors can measure a range of energy values which are presented as peaks in the spectrum. The energy resolution is the percentage of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of a given energy peak to the peak Hight.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\tThe energy resolution is given by the function R\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

    R<\/mi>=<\/mo>FWHM<\/mi><\/mrow>X<\/mi><\/mrow>0<\/mn><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><\/mfrac>\u00d7<\/mo>100<\/mn>                        <\/mi>(<\/mo>1<\/mn>)<\/mo><\/math>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\tWhere,<\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\tFigure (2): Resolution of the detector is directly proportional to width of the peaks. The lower the resolution of the detector the wider FWHM of the peak\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    FWHM<\/mi><\/math><\/p>\n

    = the full width at half maximum of the full-energy peak\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

    H<\/mi><\/mrow>0<\/mn><\/mrow><\/msub> <\/mi><\/math><\/p>\n

    = is the centroid peak number (mean pulse height corresponding to the same peak) fig (1).\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

    H<\/mi><\/mrow>0<\/mn><\/mrow><\/msub><\/math>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\t <\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\tFigure (1): Full Width Half Maximum of a peak between two points x1 and x2\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\tThe smaller the width of the pulse, the higher the resolution of the detector. When there is a large amount of fluctuation recorded, the peak becomes more extensive, and thus, the resolution of the detector is considered weak [1].\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\t <\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n

    \n\t\t\t\tMaterials<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n