costs<\/a> is a problem especially for a plant like Gary since it produces 19 product families and it also designed to manufacture prototype samples for customers. This also adds to the indirect costs.<\/p>\nHowever to compare the performance of plants it would be advisable to compare the direct and indirect costs of the plants. It is summarized in Table 3<\/p>\n
COST PER 100 POUNDS OF RELEASE EASE<\/h3>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
Frankfurt<\/p>\n
Gary<\/p>\n
Sunchem<\/p>\n
Raw Material(1)<\/p>\n
75.05<\/p>\n
68.70<\/p>\n
87.29<\/p>\n
53.00<\/p>\n
60.83<\/p>\n
91.86<\/p>\n
Direct Labor, Salary & Fringes(2)<\/p>\n
2.38<\/p>\n
7.03<\/p>\n
4.68<\/p>\n
5.78<\/p>\n
8.46<\/p>\n
12.82<\/p>\n
Depreciation<\/p>\n
0.95<\/p>\n
0.97<\/p>\n
0.94<\/p>\n
1.05<\/p>\n
1.60<\/p>\n
3.23<\/p>\n
Utillties<\/p>\n
5.08<\/p>\n
5.50<\/p>\n
5.96<\/p>\n
5.54<\/p>\n
5.45<\/p>\n
10.49<\/p>\n
Maintenance<\/p>\n
1.60<\/p>\n
2.75<\/p>\n
2.17<\/p>\n
1.34<\/p>\n
3.71<\/p>\n
3.77<\/p>\n
Quality Control<\/p>\n
0.64<\/p>\n
1.30<\/p>\n
1.81<\/p>\n
0.57<\/p>\n
1.54<\/p>\n
2.77<\/p>\n
Waste Treatment<\/p>\n
1.37<\/p>\n
0.96<\/p>\n
0.00<\/p>\n
0.64<\/p>\n
1.02<\/p>\n
10.61<\/p>\n
Plant Administration<\/p>\n
1.11<\/p>\n
3.62<\/p>\n
4.58<\/p>\n
2.91<\/p>\n
1.22<\/p>\n
4.07<\/p>\n
Development<\/p>\n
0.00<\/p>\n
0.00<\/p>\n
0.00<\/p>\n
0.38<\/p>\n
0.97<\/p>\n
2.48<\/p>\n
Supplies<\/p>\n
2.25<\/p>\n
0.98<\/p>\n
3.65<\/p>\n
0.00<\/p>\n
0.77<\/p>\n
0.56<\/p>\n
Building Expense<\/p>\n
0.00<\/p>\n
0.00<\/p>\n
0.00<\/p>\n
1.12<\/p>\n
0.64<\/p>\n
0.36<\/p>\n
Other<\/p>\n
2.20<\/p>\n
1.44<\/p>\n
1.23<\/p>\n
1.01<\/p>\n
0.29<\/p>\n
6.22<\/p>\n
Package, Load, & Ship(3)<\/p>\n
2.38<\/p>\n
4.10<\/p>\n
4.03<\/p>\n
3.35<\/p>\n
13.78<\/p>\n
4.56<\/p>\n
Overhead<\/p>\n
0.00<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0.00<\/p>\n
2.65<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
Total (4)<\/p>\n
95.01<\/p>\n
97.35<\/p>\n
116.34<\/p>\n
76.69<\/p>\n
102.93<\/p>\n
153.80<\/p>\n
Variable Cost (5) =(1)+(2)+(3)<\/p>\n
79.81<\/p>\n
79.83<\/p>\n
96.00<\/p>\n
62.13<\/p>\n
83.07<\/p>\n
109.24<\/p>\n
Fixed Cost (6)= (4)-(5)<\/p>\n
15.20<\/p>\n
17.52<\/p>\n
20.34<\/p>\n
14.56<\/p>\n
19.86<\/p>\n
44.56<\/p>\n
Production(million lbs)<\/p>\n
17.2<\/p>\n
2.6<\/p>\n
4.1<\/p>\n
38<\/p>\n
14<\/p>\n
4<\/p>\n
Installed capacity (million lbs)<\/p>\n
22<\/p>\n
3.7<\/p>\n
4.5<\/p>\n
47<\/p>\n
18.5<\/p>\n
5<\/p>\n
Table 3: Costs of manufacturing 100 pounds of Release-ease<\/h3>\n
A summary glance at table 3 shows that the total cost of manufacturing Release-ease is the highest in Sunchem plant in Japan and the lowest in Frankfurt plant.<\/p>\n
Table 3 also lists the variable costs and the fixed cost per 100 pounds of manufacturing. The highest variable cost is in Sunchem plant and the lowest is in Frankfurt plant. The variable cost in Gary plant is $83.07 which included the packaging cost of $13.78. If we use standard packaging as done in other plants the variable cost will come down to $73.4 which compares favourably with Mexican and Canadian Plants.<\/p>\n
Costs: Transportation & Import Duties<\/h3>\n
Costs in $ per 100lbs<\/p>\n
TO\u00e0<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
Venezuala<\/p>\n
Frankfurt<\/p>\n
Gary<\/p>\n
Sunchem<\/p>\n
FROM<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
11.4<\/p>\n
7.0<\/p>\n
11.0<\/p>\n
11.0<\/p>\n
14.0<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
11.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
9.0<\/p>\n
11.5<\/p>\n
6.0<\/p>\n
13.0<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
7.0<\/p>\n
10.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
13.0<\/p>\n
10.4<\/p>\n
14.3<\/p>\n
Frankfurt<\/p>\n
10.0<\/p>\n
11.5<\/p>\n
12.5<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
11.2<\/p>\n
13.3<\/p>\n
Gary<\/p>\n
10.0<\/p>\n
6.0<\/p>\n
11.0<\/p>\n
10.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
12.5<\/p>\n
Sunchem<\/p>\n
14.0<\/p>\n
13.0<\/p>\n
12.5<\/p>\n
14.2<\/p>\n
13.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
Table 4: Transportation Costs among plants<\/h2>\n
Table 4 shows the transportation costs among plants. This table basically states that to transport 100lbs from Mexico to Canada costs $11.4 and to transport 100lbs from Canada to Mexico is $11. This table is very important in order to optimize the global operations.<\/p>\n
The import duty into every country is as given below<\/h3>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
Germany<\/p>\n
USA<\/p>\n
Japan<\/p>\n
60%<\/p>\n
0%<\/p>\n
50%<\/p>\n
9.5%<\/p>\n
4.5%<\/p>\n
6%<\/p>\n
Table 5: Import Duties<\/h3>\n
The level of import duties basically determines the amount to be produced in the respective country. Countries having a high amount of import duties make imports costly.<\/p>\n
For the purpose of case analysis the import duties is calculated as follows.<\/p>\n
Import duties= (Percentage of import duty)*(Cost of manufacture + Cost of transportation).<\/p>\n
For example if we import 100 pounds of Release-ease from Frankfurt to Mexico the import duty is as follows:<\/p>\n
Import duty = (0.6)*(76.69+10) = $52.014<\/p>\n
As we can see import duties add significant amounts to costs of the company.<\/p>\n
Costs: Raw materials and Labour<\/h3>\n
RAW material Costs<\/p>\n
($ per pound)<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
Frankfurt<\/p>\n
Gary<\/p>\n
Sunchem<\/p>\n
A<\/p>\n
1.347<\/p>\n
1.450<\/p>\n
1.280<\/p>\n
1.271<\/p>\n
1.347<\/p>\n
1.548<\/p>\n
B<\/p>\n
0.285<\/p>\n
0.298<\/p>\n
0.530<\/p>\n
0.244<\/p>\n
0.251<\/p>\n
0.423<\/p>\n
C<\/p>\n
0.293<\/p>\n
0.220<\/p>\n
0.369<\/p>\n
0.180<\/p>\n
0.129<\/p>\n
0.499<\/p>\n
D<\/p>\n
0.223<\/p>\n
0.286<\/p>\n
0.366<\/p>\n
0.155<\/p>\n
0.225<\/p>\n
0.219<\/p>\n
Table 6: Cost of raw material<\/h3>\n
Table 6 gives the cost of raw material per pound in each of the plants. The raw material costs is highest for Sunchem plant and is the lowest for the Frankfurt plant.<\/p>\n
Cost per hour in $<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
Germany<\/p>\n
US<\/p>\n
Japan<\/p>\n
1982<\/p>\n
1.03<\/p>\n
8.33<\/p>\n
3.34<\/p>\n
6.15<\/p>\n
8.50<\/p>\n
6.06<\/p>\n
1981<\/p>\n
2.42<\/p>\n
7.77<\/p>\n
3.04<\/p>\n
6.19<\/p>\n
7.99<\/p>\n
6.24<\/p>\n
1980<\/p>\n
2.07<\/p>\n
6.88<\/p>\n
2.62<\/p>\n
6.72<\/p>\n
7.27<\/p>\n
6.37<\/p>\n
1979<\/p>\n
1.75<\/p>\n
6.36<\/p>\n
2.42<\/p>\n
7.14<\/p>\n
6.69<\/p>\n
5.02<\/p>\n
1978<\/p>\n
1.51<\/p>\n
5.75<\/p>\n
2.30<\/p>\n
6.41<\/p>\n
6.17<\/p>\n
5.83<\/p>\n
1977<\/p>\n
1.31<\/p>\n
5.85<\/p>\n
2.03<\/p>\n
5.30<\/p>\n
5.68<\/p>\n
4.42<\/p>\n
Table 7: Labour Cost per hour<\/h3>\n
Table 7 gives the labour cost per hour. Labour is the cheapest in Mexico but costliest in US. The labour cost per hour in Frankfurt plant is 25% less than the labour cost in US<\/p>\n
Case Questions<\/h3>\n1. Compare the performance of Applichem\u2019s 6 Release-ease plants<\/h3>\n
Since each of Applichem\u2019s 6 Release ease plants have different raw material and labour costs as well as different capacities, it will be incorrect to just compare the total cost of manufacturing. We believe the best way to compare operating performance is to normalize the costs (raw material &labour) across plants as well as to divide the costs into fixed and variable costs.<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
Frankfurt<\/p>\n
Gary<\/p>\n
Sunchem<\/p>\n
Variable Cost for 100lbs (in $)<\/p>\n
79.81<\/p>\n
79.83<\/p>\n
96.00<\/p>\n
62.13<\/p>\n
83.07<\/p>\n
109.24<\/p>\n
Fixed Cost for 100lbs (in $)<\/p>\n
15.20<\/p>\n
17.52<\/p>\n
20.34<\/p>\n
14.56<\/p>\n
19.86<\/p>\n
44.56<\/p>\n
Total Cost for 100lbs (in$)<\/p>\n
95.01<\/p>\n
97.35<\/p>\n
116.34<\/p>\n
76.69<\/p>\n
102.93<\/p>\n
153.80<\/p>\n
Production(in million lbs)<\/p>\n
17.2<\/p>\n
2.6<\/p>\n
4.1<\/p>\n
38<\/p>\n
14<\/p>\n
4<\/p>\n
Total Fixed Cost in ($10,000)<\/p>\n
261.44<\/p>\n
45.552<\/p>\n
83.394<\/p>\n
553.28<\/p>\n
278.04<\/p>\n
178.24<\/p>\n
Installed capacity(in million lbs)<\/p>\n
22<\/p>\n
3.7<\/p>\n
4.5<\/p>\n
47<\/p>\n
18.5<\/p>\n
5<\/p>\n
Fixed Cost\/Capacity<\/p>\n
11.88<\/p>\n
12.31<\/p>\n
18.532<\/p>\n
11.77<\/p>\n
15.03<\/p>\n
35.65<\/p>\n
Table 8: Analysis of Costs across plants<\/h3>\n
Table 8 is derived from Table 3. We can see that the Variable cost is the highest in the Sunchem plant and the lowest in the Gary Plant. The variable cost for the Gary plant includes the packaging cost $13.78. If the Gary plant uses the standard 50lb packaging then we can expect the packaging cost to be $4.1 per hundred pounds instead of $13.78. So the variable costs per 100lbs will drop from $73.39 which compares favourably with the Mexican plant although the Mexican plant has higher capacity. The variable costs of the Frankfurt class is less because of the lower cost of raw materials (Table 6) and the relatively lower labour costs when compared to the Gary plant. If we normalize the labour cost and the raw material costs across the Gary and the Frankfurt we see that the cost comparison for the Gary plant is much more favourable. The fixed costs across the plants are normalized by finding the approximate total fixed cost and dividing it by the installed capacity. The lowest fixed cost for capacity is in Frankfurt and the highest in the Sunchem plant in Japan. Contrary to perceptions the Gary plant compares reasonably with the other \u201chigh\u201d performance plants.<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
Frankfurt<\/p>\n
Gary<\/p>\n
Sunchem<\/p>\n
Production (in million lbs)<\/p>\n
17.2<\/p>\n
2.6<\/p>\n
4.1<\/p>\n
38<\/p>\n
14<\/p>\n
4<\/p>\n
Capacity (in million lbs)<\/p>\n
22<\/p>\n
3.7<\/p>\n
4.5<\/p>\n
47<\/p>\n
18.5<\/p>\n
5<\/p>\n
Capacity Utilization (%)<\/p>\n
78.18<\/p>\n
70.27<\/p>\n
91.11<\/p>\n
80.85<\/p>\n
75.68<\/p>\n
80<\/p>\n
Yield (%)<\/p>\n
94.7<\/p>\n
91.1<\/p>\n
91.7<\/p>\n
98.9<\/p>\n
90.4<\/p>\n
98.8<\/p>\n
No. of product families other than release ease<\/p>\n
6<\/p>\n
4<\/p>\n
1<\/p>\n
12<\/p>\n
19<\/p>\n
1<\/p>\n
Table 9: Other parameters of comparison<\/h3>\n
The capacity utilization of Frankfurt plant is quite high leading to further reduction in costs per pound of release ease. The yield of the Gary plant compares unfavourably for the plants of its size. This may be due to the old equipment used or the variety of product families produced at the Gary plant.<\/p>\n
2. Why were some plants performances \u201cbetter\u201d than others?<\/h3>\n
The reasons why the performance of some plants were better than the others were<\/p>\n
1. Lower cost of raw materials: From table 6 we see that the raw material costs for some of the plants are higher than the other leading to increased production costs.<\/p>\n
2. Economies of scale: With larger production capacity the yield increases and the raw material usage is also more efficient. The percentage of fixed cost as a percentage of the total cost decreases<\/p>\n
3. Lower labour costs: The labour cost per hour in Mexico is approximately 1\/8th as that of the US plant leading to lower costs<\/p>\n
4. External factors: Exchange rate fluctuations, environmental regulations in Japan, import duties may lead to a relative decline in performance when compared to other plants.<\/p>\n
5. Variety of operations: The Gary plant produces about 19 product families and there were also difficulties in accurately measuring the indirect costs. This may lead to higher costs and inefficiencies when compared to the Frankfurt plant.<\/p>\n
6. Capacity Utilization: The Frankfurt plant is run at a higher utilization rate leading to unit cost reduction and higher efficiency and less wastage.<\/p>\n
3. How would you advise Joe Spandro to configure his worldwide manufacturing system?<\/h3>\n
We can formulate a linear programming problem to optimize the worldwide manufacturing system.<\/p>\n
Linear Program Formulation<\/h3>\n
Let,<\/p>\n
xij indicates the amount in million pounds of Release Ease produced by ith plant for jth plant<\/p>\n
yij indicates the total cost of producing 100 pounds of Release Ease produced by ith plant for jth plant<\/p>\n
Di indicates the demand for ith plant<\/p>\n
Si indicates the maximum capacity for ith plant<\/p>\n
where i,j = 1,2,3,4,5,6<\/p>\n
Where<\/p>\n
1<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
2<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
3<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
4<\/p>\n
Frankfurt<\/p>\n
5<\/p>\n
Gary<\/p>\n
6<\/p>\n
Sunchem<\/p>\n
Objective: Minimize ijxij yij<\/p>\n
Subject to:<\/p>\n
jxij \u2264 Si<\/p>\n
ixij \u2265 Dj<\/p>\n
xij, yij are non negative<\/p>\n
Cost optimized Linear Programming output to meet demand within capacity constraints<\/p>\n
From\/To<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
Frankfurt<\/p>\n
USA<\/p>\n
Japan<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
95.01<\/p>\n
106.41<\/p>\n
153.015<\/p>\n
116.08095<\/p>\n
110.7805<\/p>\n
115.5506<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
173.36<\/p>\n
97.35<\/p>\n
159.525<\/p>\n
119.19075<\/p>\n
108.0008<\/p>\n
116.971<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
197.344<\/p>\n
126.34<\/p>\n
116.34<\/p>\n
141.6273<\/p>\n
132.4433<\/p>\n
138.4784<\/p>\n
Frankfurt<\/p>\n
138.704<\/p>\n
88.19<\/p>\n
133.785<\/p>\n
76.69<\/p>\n
91.84505<\/p>\n
95.3894<\/p>\n
Gary<\/p>\n
180.688<\/p>\n
108.93<\/p>\n
170.895<\/p>\n
123.65835<\/p>\n
102.93<\/p>\n
122.3558<\/p>\n
Sunchem<\/p>\n
268.48<\/p>\n
166.8<\/p>\n
249.45<\/p>\n
183.96<\/p>\n
174.306<\/p>\n
153.8<\/p>\n
Table 10: Cost of manufacturing and transporting from plant to plant<\/h3>\n
Cost optimized Linear Programming output to meet demand within capacity constraints:<\/p>\n
From\/To<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
USA<\/p>\n
Frankfurt<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
Japan<\/p>\n
Output<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
22<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
22<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
3.7<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
3.7<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
4.5<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
4.5<\/p>\n
Frankfurt<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
3.6<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
20<\/p>\n
11.5<\/p>\n
11.9<\/p>\n
47<\/p>\n
Gary<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
2.7<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
2.7<\/p>\n
Sunchem<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
Demand<\/p>\n
32<\/p>\n
20<\/p>\n
16<\/p>\n
11.9<\/p>\n
79.9<\/p>\n
Table 11: Optimum production structure with the present cost structure<\/h3>\n
This solution basically says that the Gary plant should be run at very low capacity and the Sunchem plant in Japan should stop producing Release- ease. However if we are able to standardize the packaging at the Gary plant the cost will come down to $93.25. Plugging the new numbers in the linear programming model we get the following solution.<\/p>\n
From\/To<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
USA<\/p>\n
Frankfurt<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
Japan<\/p>\n
Output<\/p>\n
Mexico<\/p>\n
9.9<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
9.9<\/p>\n
Canada<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
Venezuela<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
4.5<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
4.5<\/p>\n
Frankfurt<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
3.6<\/p>\n
11.5<\/p>\n
20.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
11.9<\/p>\n
47.0<\/p>\n
Gary<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
18.5<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
18.5<\/p>\n
Sunchem<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
0.0<\/p>\n
Demand<\/p>\n
32<\/p>\n
20<\/p>\n
16<\/p>\n
11.9<\/p>\n
79.9<\/p>\n
Table 12: Optimum production structure by standardizing packaging at the Gary plant.<\/h3>\n
The new solution says that we have to run the Gary plant at full capacity and stop production at both the Canadian and the Japanese plants.<\/p>\n
This solution makes sense when we examine the input costs as the input costs at the Canadian and the Japanese plants are the highest.<\/p>\n
Recommendations:<\/h3>\n
1. Standardize the packaging at the Gary Plant so that the packaging costs are minimized.<\/p>\n
2. Stop production of Release-ease at the Canada and the Japanese plants.<\/p>\n
3. Run the Frankfurt, Gary and the Venezuelan plant at full capacity.<\/p>\n
4. Any additional requirement for extra capacity can easily be satisfied by the Mexican plant.<\/p>\n
5. Explore the option of solid recovery and waste treatment practices should be employed across all the plants.<\/p>\n
6. The laboratory facilities in the Japanese plant should be used if possible for prototype samples to customers.<\/p>\n
7. Some of the product families which are produced in low quantities can be shifted to the Canadian plant.<\/p>\n
8. Improve the cost accounting processes so that the indirect costs of each product line are appropriately accounted.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Sample case study about Applichem, a manufacturer of speciality chemicals founded in Chicago just before World War II. A sample essay history and analysis from a student for UKessays.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-83360","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-essaysbusiness"],"yoast_head":"\n
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